Many embedded developers come from bare-metal or traditional RTOS backgrounds where everything runs with full privileges. When they first encounter Zephyr’s user mode, the idea of separating code into privileged and unprivileged domains can feel unnecessary or overly complex. But as embedded systems grow more connected, and as regulations like the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) push for stronger security and fault isolation, user mode becomes an essential tool rather than an optional feature.

In this presentation, we explain Zephyr’s user mode in simple, practical terms. We start with the core motivations: how privilege separation improves safety, contains faults, and supports modern security expectations. Then we walk through the key concepts, APIs, and mechanisms that make user mode work, translating them into everyday language and relatable examples.

Based on real-world training experience, we highlight the initial hurdles developers face and show how quickly user mode becomes intuitive once you understand what problems it solves. Finally, we demonstrate how to structure applications using user mode and assign permissions. By the end, attendees will not only grasp what user mode does, but also why it matters today and how to use it effectively in their own projects.